Blackgram in India

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Varieties of Black gram (Urad dal)

Urad bean (also known as blackgram) is consumed in several regions of India. It is cooked both in its whole form as well as in split form (known as urad dal).

Following varieties of urad bean have been recommended for cultivation in India:

States Varieties
Andhra Pradesh L 35-5, T 9, Pant U 30, LBG 17 (Rabi), LBG 20, PS 1. LBG 623, LBG 402,
Assam T 122, T 27, T 9, Pant U 19.
Bihar Naveen, BR 68, Pant U 19, T 9, PS 1, PDU 1, PS 1, PDU 1.
Dadra & Nagar Haveli T 9, Pant U 30.
Delhi UG 218, T 9, PDU 1 (Spring).
Gujarat A 46-5, Zandewal, T 9, Pant U 30, G 75, PDU 1 (Spring).
Haryana Mash 1-1, Mash 48, T 9, UG 218, PDU 1 (Spring), Pant U 19.
Himachal Pradesh Kulu 4, HPU 6, T 9.
Jammu & Kashmir T 9, Maxh 1-1, Pant U 19.
Karnataka Khargone 3, T 9, LBG 17 (Rabi)
Madhya Pradesh Gwalior 2, Khargone 3, No.55, T 9, Mash 48, Pant U 30, PS 1, PDU 1 (Spring), JU 2, JU 3.
Maharashtra Sindhhera 1-1, No.55, D 6-7, T 9, Pant U 30, TAU 1, PDU 1 (Spring)
Orissa T 9, T 65, Pant U 30 Sarla
Punjab UG 218, T 9, Mash 1-1, Mash 48, PS 1, PDU 1 (Spring)
Rajasthan Krishna, Pant U 19, PDU 1 (Spring)
Tami Nadu ADT 1, CO 1, CO 2, CO 3, CO 4, CO 5, KM 1 KM 2, ADT 2, ADT 3, TMV 1, Pant U 30 LBG 17 (Rabi)
Uttar Pradesh Type 9, T 27, T 65, Pant U 19, UG 218, Pant U 30, PS 1, PDU 1.
West Bengal B 76, T 9, Pant U 19.

Characteristics of urad bean varieties:

Variety Characteristics
BR 68 It is a selection from Bhagalpur local, spreading type maturity 115 days, pods hairy brown, seed black medium size with the test weight of about 40 g. per 1000 seed.
HPU 6 It is a selection from local germplasm of Himachal Pradesh.It matures in 110-120 days.It is suitable for Kangra and Kulu valley.Average yield is 10-12 q/ha.
Kulu 4 It is a selection from Kulu valley.It matures in 120 days.Seeds black bold with the test weight of 56 g per 1000 seed.It is suitable for Kulu valley of H.P.Average yield is 8-10 q/ha.
LBG 17 It matures in 80-90 days.Plants are erect, seed black, medium size and suitable for rice fallows (rabi) cultivation.The average yield is 18-20 q/ha.
LBG 20 (Teja) Suitable for all seasons, shining grain, No hairyness on the pod.Duration 70-75 days, yield 14-16 q/haTolerant to yellow mosaic.
T- 9 Suitable to all seasons, no hairs on pods, duration 70-75 days.Yield 10-12 q/ha.
LBG -623 Suitable to all seasons, shining and Bold grain.Yield 15-17 q/ha, duration 75-80 days.To some extent tolerant to powdery mildew and yellow mosaic.
LBG-402
(Prabhav)		 Suitable only for rabi.Grow tall and control weeds effectively.Tolerant to alkaliis to some extent, long pods,Duration 90-95 days.Yield 20-22 q/ha.
LBG -611
(Kotha Butta oninumu)		 Suitable mostly for rabi season.Errect growing plants, duration 90 days.Tolerant to wilt.
LBG -22 (Lam - 22) Tolerant to wilt, more hairy both on plant and pod, duration 85 daysYield 22-25 q/ha.Suitable for rabi season.
Naveen It is a selection from local material.It was developed in 1974.Plants are spreading type, matures in 90-95 days.Seeds are yellowish green, medium in size.It is suitable for north Bihar.Average yield is 10-12 q/ha.
No. 55 It is a local selection from Nagpur.It was developed in 1975.Plants are erect, maturity 75-80 days, pods globrous, seed black, medium size with the test weight of 45 g per 1000 seed.It is suitable for MP and Maharashtra.Average yield is 5-6 q/ha.
Pant U 19 It was developed in 1981 by the cross of UPU 1 X UPU 2.Plants are erect, early maturing (80-85 days in kharif and 75 days in spring/summer), pods hairy, seed black, medium in size, resistant to yellow mosaic virus disease.It is suitable for north and eastern plains.Average yield is 10-12 q/ha.
Pant U 30 It is a cross of UPU 1 X UPU 2.It was notified in 1982, plants are erect, maturing 80-85 days.Pods hairy, seed black, medium size and resistant to yellow mosaic virus disease.It is suitable for central and peninsular region of country. Average yield is 10-12 q/ha.
PDP 71-2 It is a selection from local germplasm of coastal districts.It matures in 80-90 days.Plants are semi/spreading, flowers deep yellow with purple dots, and seeds black.It is suitable for kharif planting, Average yield is 8-9 q/ha.
PS 1 It is a cross of L 151 X T 9. It matures in 80-90 days, semi-spreading, pods hairy, seed black, medium in size, fairly resistant to yellow mosaic virus disease.It is suitable for entire country. Average yield is 12-15 q/ha.
TMU It is a cross of AB 133 X ADT 1.It matures in 70-75 days.Seeds are black, bold with the test weight of 50 g per 1000 seed.It is suitable for whole of Tamil Nadu.The average yield is 10-12 q/ha.
Type 9 It was developed after the selection from Bareilly local in 1948.Plants are dwarf, erect, early maturing (80-90 days in kharif and 70-75 in spring/summer).Its seeds are black, medium size with the test weight of 40 g per 1000 seed.It is suitable for entire country.Average yield is 10-12 q/ha.
Type 27 It was developed in 1949.It is late maturing (130-135 days), spreading, tall, pods hairy, seed black with test weight of 40 g per 1000 seed.It is suitable for central and western Uttar Pradesh.Average yield is 12-15 q/ha.
Type 65 It was developed after the selection from Bareilly local in 1948.It is late maturing (130-140 days), tall, spreading, pods hairy, seeds shining green, medium in size.It is suitable for central and eastern U.P.Average yield is 10-14 q/ha.
UG 218 It is a cross of T 9 X LU 220.It was identified in 1983 for North plain West zonePlants are short, erect, maturity 76 days, seed dull black, medium in size, resistant to yellow mosaic virus disease and is most suitable for western U.P.Average yield is 15 q/ha.
States Varieties
Andhra Pradesh L 35-5, T 9, Pant U 30, LBG 17 (Rabi), LBG 20, PS 1. LBG 623, LBG 402,
Assam T 122, T 27, T 9, Pant U 19.
Bihar Naveen, BR 68, Pant U 19, T 9, PS 1, PDU 1, PS 1, PDU 1.
Dadra & Nagar Haveli T 9, Pant U 30.
Delhi UG 218, T 9, PDU 1 (Spring).
Gujarat A 46-5, Zandewal, T 9, Pant U 30, G 75, PDU 1 (Spring).
Haryana Mash 1-1, Mash 48, T 9, UG 218, PDU 1 (Spring), Pant U 19.
Himachal Pradesh Kulu 4, HPU 6, T 9.
Jammu & Kashmir T 9, Maxh 1-1, Pant U 19.
Karnataka Khargone 3, T 9, LBG 17 (Rabi)
Madhya Pradesh Gwalior 2, Khargone 3, No.55, T 9, Mash 48, Pant U 30, PS 1, PDU 1 (Spring), JU 2, JU 3.
Maharashtra Sindhhera 1-1, No.55, D 6-7, T 9, Pant U 30, TAU 1, PDU 1 (Spring)
Orissa T 9, T 65, Pant U 30 Sarla
Punjab UG 218, T 9, Mash 1-1, Mash 48, PS 1, PDU 1 (Spring)
Rajasthan Krishna, Pant U 19, PDU 1 (Spring)
Tami Nadu ADT 1, CO 1, CO 2, CO 3, CO 4, CO 5, KM 1 KM 2, ADT 2, ADT 3, TMV 1, Pant U 30 LBG 17 (Rabi)
Uttar Pradesh Type 9, T 27, T 65, Pant U 19, UG 218, Pant U 30, PS 1, PDU 1.
West Bengal B 76, T 9, Pant U 19.
Variety Characteristics
BR 68 It is a selection from Bhagalpur local, spreading type maturity 115 days, pods hairy brown, seed black medium size with the test weight of about 40 g. per 1000 seed.
HPU 6 It is a selection from local germplasm of Himachal Pradesh.It matures in 110-120 days.It is suitable for Kangra and Kulu valley.Average yield is 10-12 q/ha.
Kulu 4 It is a selection from Kulu valley.It matures in 120 days.Seeds black bold with the test weight of 56 g per 1000 seed.It is suitable for Kulu valley of H.P.Average yield is 8-10 q/ha.
LBG 17 It matures in 80-90 days.Plants are erect, seed black, medium size and suitable for rice fallows (rabi) cultivation.The average yield is 18-20 q/ha.
LBG 20 (Teja) Suitable for all seasons, shining grain, No hairyness on the pod.Duration 70-75 days, yield 14-16 q/haTolerant to yellow mosaic.
T- 9 Suitable to all seasons, no hairs on pods, duration 70-75 days.Yield 10-12 q/ha.
LBG -623 Suitable to all seasons, shining and Bold grain.Yield 15-17 q/ha, duration 75-80 days.To some extent tolerant to powdery mildew and yellow mosaic.
LBG-402
(Prabhav)		 Suitable only for rabi.Grow tall and control weeds effectively.Tolerant to alkaliis to some extent, long pods,Duration 90-95 days.Yield 20-22 q/ha.
LBG -611
(Kotha Butta oninumu)		 Suitable mostly for rabi season.Errect growing plants, duration 90 days.Tolerant to wilt.
LBG -22 (Lam - 22) Tolerant to wilt, more hairy both on plant and pod, duration 85 daysYield 22-25 q/ha.Suitable for rabi season.
Naveen It is a selection from local material.It was developed in 1974.Plants are spreading type, matures in 90-95 days.Seeds are yellowish green, medium in size.It is suitable for north Bihar.Average yield is 10-12 q/ha.
No. 55 It is a local selection from Nagpur.It was developed in 1975.Plants are erect, maturity 75-80 days, pods globrous, seed black, medium size with the test weight of 45 g per 1000 seed.It is suitable for MP and Maharashtra.Average yield is 5-6 q/ha.
Pant U 19 It was developed in 1981 by the cross of UPU 1 X UPU 2.Plants are erect, early maturing (80-85 days in kharif and 75 days in spring/summer), pods hairy, seed black, medium in size, resistant to yellow mosaic virus disease.It is suitable for north and eastern plains.Average yield is 10-12 q/ha.
Pant U 30 It is a cross of UPU 1 X UPU 2.It was notified in 1982, plants are erect, maturing 80-85 days.Pods hairy, seed black, medium size and resistant to yellow mosaic virus disease.It is suitable for central and peninsular region of country. Average yield is 10-12 q/ha.
PDP 71-2 It is a selection from local germplasm of coastal districts.It matures in 80-90 days.Plants are semi/spreading, flowers deep yellow with purple dots, and seeds black.It is suitable for kharif planting, Average yield is 8-9 q/ha.
PS 1 It is a cross of L 151 X T 9. It matures in 80-90 days, semi-spreading, pods hairy, seed black, medium in size, fairly resistant to yellow mosaic virus disease.It is suitable for entire country. Average yield is 12-15 q/ha.
TMU It is a cross of AB 133 X ADT 1.It matures in 70-75 days.Seeds are black, bold with the test weight of 50 g per 1000 seed.It is suitable for whole of Tamil Nadu.The average yield is 10-12 q/ha.
Type 9 It was developed after the selection from Bareilly local in 1948.Plants are dwarf, erect, early maturing (80-90 days in kharif and 70-75 in spring/summer).Its seeds are black, medium size with the test weight of 40 g per 1000 seed.It is suitable for entire country.Average yield is 10-12 q/ha.
Type 27 It was developed in 1949.It is late maturing (130-135 days), spreading, tall, pods hairy, seed black with test weight of 40 g per 1000 seed.It is suitable for central and western Uttar Pradesh.Average yield is 12-15 q/ha.
Type 65 It was developed after the selection from Bareilly local in 1948.It is late maturing (130-140 days), tall, spreading, pods hairy, seeds shining green, medium in size.It is suitable for central and eastern U.P.Average yield is 10-14 q/ha.
UG 218 It is a cross of T 9 X LU 220.It was identified in 1983 for North plain West zonePlants are short, erect, maturity 76 days, seed dull black, medium in size, resistant to yellow mosaic virus disease and is most suitable for western U.P.Average yield is 15 q/ha.

Soils and Climate

Soil:

  • It is grown on a variety of soils ranging from a sandy soil to heavy black cotton soils.
  • It thrives well in relatively heavier soil.
  • The most ideal soil would be a well drained loam with a pH range from 4.7 to 7.5.
  • Heavier soils with more water retention capacity are considered ideal for its cultivation.
  • Loam to clay loam soil with neutral pH are the best suited soils for urad bean.
  • It cannot be grown successfully on saline alkali and acidic soils.
  • Urad bean is susceptible to waterlogging. Therefore, soil should be well drained particularly in rainy season.

Climate:

  • It is basically a warm weather crop, chiefly grown during the Kharif season. However, in recent times in eastern, central and southern India, it is also grown as a winter crop.
  • Kharif urad bean is sown in the last week of June to early July. This crop is mainly grown under rainfed conditions.
  • In case of summer urad bean, sowing may be started in the last week of February till the end of March. Plantings beyond March may be caught by monsoon rains in the second fortnight of June and result in drastic yield reduction.
  • Urad bean tolerates drought and is heat tolerant but is susceptible to frost.
  • It is generally grown in areas, which receive about 800 mm rainfall per year.
  • It is not a suitable crop for wet tropics.
  • Urad bean is grown in summer and rainy season in northern India.
  • Heavy and continuous rains at the time of germination and flowering are harmful for the crop.

Seed Rate and Spacing

  • During rainy season, the crop is generally sown by broadcasting the seed followed by planking.
  • Sowing could be done in rows with the help of local plough at the distance of 30-45cm depending upon the variety and sowing time.
  • A seed rate of about 12-15kg / ha is sufficient depending upon the variety.
  • Urad bean is an important crop in rice fallows in south India.
  • The maintenance of population is very difficult and is the major constraint in rice fallows.
  • 40kg seed rate / ha is optimum for urad bean in rice fallows.
  • Soaking of seeds before planting did not show beneficial effect over dry seeds.
  • During summer season, vegetative growth of urad bean is comparatively less, hence higher plant population by reducing the spacing and increasing the seed rate is desirable.
  • Summer crop should be sown at a row distance of 25 cm with a seed rate of 25-30kg / ha.
  • Sowing can be done behind local plough or with the help of seed-drill.

Seed Treatment:

  • Before sowing, seed should be treated with Agrosan GN or Thiram at 2.5g / kg of seed.
  • Seed should also be inoculated with suitable Rhizobium culture, if urad bean is being taken for the first time in the field or after a long duration.

Crop Rotation

Urad bean is grown mixed with sorghum, maize, pearl millet and cotton crops during Kharif season. The important rotations with urad bean in Andhra Pradesh are as given below:

  • Urad bean - Chickpea
  • Maize / Sorghum - Urad bean
  • Soybean - Urad bean
  • Sesamum / Rainfed paddy - Urad bean
  • Sunnhemp / Pillipesara - Urad bean
  • Pigeonpea + Greengram - Urad bean
  • Urad bean - Fodder Jonna / Fodder Pillipesara
  • Rice - Urad bean

Nutrient Management

  • The crop requires 15-20kg nitrogen and about 50 to 60kg P2O5 per hectare which should be basal placed but when it is to be grown as mixed crop with other crops, the fertilizer meeting the requirement of the main crop should be applied.
  • Application of 70-80kg diammonium phosphate (DAD)/ha is more convenient as it meets adequately the total requirement of N and P2O5.
  • Molybdenum also helps in increasing crop production.
  • However, response to P2O5 application is higher in red soils followed by that on lateritic soils.
  • Potassic fertilizers should be applied as per soil test value.
  • In case, soil test facilities are not available, one can apply 30-40kg K2O / ha.
  • The fertilizers should be drilled at the time of sowing in such a way that they are placed about 5-7cm below the seed.
  • When the crop is raised as intercrop, the fertilizer requirement for the main crop is to be applied.
  • Application of S @ 20kg / ha improved the grain yield by 226kg / ha compared to control. The nutrient use efficiency was 11.3kg grain / kg S and gypsum is the most efficient source, followed by single super phosphate.

Water Management

  • The crop cannot tolerate long dry spells and therefore, irrigation is very useful for urad. The crop should be irrigated at flowering and pod filling stages but the water should not accumulate in the field.
  • One pre-sowing irrigation at the time of seedbed preparation is required to ensure good germination, if the land is dry.
  • Urad bean is grown purely as a rainfed crop during Kharif and on residual moisture in rice fallows during Rabi.
  • During the winter season, if irrigation facilities are available, one light irrigation at podding / seed filling stage is beneficial to the crop. On the other hand, number and frequency of irrigation depends upon the soil type and weather prevailing during the growth period.
  • Generally, the crop should get irrigation at a interval of 10-15 days.
  • From flowering to pod development stage, there is a need of sufficient moisture in the field.
  • Excess water at any stage affects the crop adversely.

Weed Management

  • When urad bean is grown as an intercrop with sorghum, pigeonpea, pearlmillet, etc, the interculture given to the main crop is adequate.
  • When sown as a sole crop 1 or 2 weedings are required in the initial stages to keep the field free from weeds. However, one weeding 30-40 days after sowing is found to be enough.
  • The pre-emergence application of Basalin at 1kg a.i / ha in 800-1,000 litres of water keeps the field free from weeds for the first 50 days and thereafter the crop smothers the weeds.
  • It should be well incorporated in the soil before sowing.
  • Crop requires two hand weedings at 20 and 45 days after sowing but if hand weeding is not possible, pre-emergence application of Lasso at the rate of 1.5 litres a.i. / ha keeps the field weed free upto 50 days and thereafter the crop smothers the weeds.

Pests

  • The crop is attacked by beetles, jassids, white flies, pod borers, etc. Jassids transmit the yellow mosaic virus in the crop.
  • These all may be controlled by soil application of 25kg / ha of Disulfotan at the time of sowing.
  • After about 50 or 60 days of sowing if any insect is visible then spraying of Rogor or Metasystox at a concentration of 0.2-0.3% should be done.
  • Proper control of white flies takes care of the yellow mosaic disease of the crop as it spreads by the white flies, which used to transmit it.

Integrated Pest Management

For helicoverpa:

I. Cultural

  • Summer ploughing.
  • Avoid monocropping.
  • Follow crop rotation.
  • Avoid staggered sowing.
  • Adopt wider row spacing (more than 2 metres).
  • Use recommended dose of fertilizers.
  • Cultivate tolerant / recouping varieties.
  • Grow intercrops

Kharif : sorghum, soybean, gingelly, greengram, urad bean, dry paddy, bajra

Rabi : coriander, cowpea, greengram, groundnut

  • Grow single variety on large scale.
  • Cultivate short duration varieties in Telangana.

II. Mechanical

  • Monitor with pheromone traps at10 / ha.
  • Dislodge the larvae by shaking the plants and destroy.

III. Biological

  • Release Trichogramma twice at weekly intervals at 65000 / ha.
  • Keep bird perches at 50 / ha.
  • Spray NPV or B.T (NPV at 500 LE / ha or B.T at 1kg / ha).

IV. Plant Products:Use Neem oil at 5ml / l or Repelin at 10ml / l or NSKE at 50g / l.

V. Synthetic Pesticides

  • Follow need based application.
  • Avoid cocktail mixtures.
  • Aim the sprayings at early instars.
  • Apply endosulfan at 2.0 l / ha or chlorpyriphos at 2.5 l / ha or quinalphos at 2.0 l / ha or acephate at 1kg / ha alternatively during flowering & pod formation stage.
  • Ensure thorough coverage (900-1000 l / ha).
  • Use hydraulic / pneumatic hand compression sprayers (900-1000 l / ha).
  • Discourage synthetic pyrethroids.
  • Avoid sublethal dosages.
  • Adopt community approach.

For Tobacco Caterpillar:

I. Cultural

  • Timely tillage to expose pupae.
  • Removal of alternate / collateral hosts.
  • Early sowing to escape severe broods.
  • Raise trap crops like castor for oviposition, larval development.

II. Mechanical

  • Monitor with pheromone traps at10 / ha.
  • Remove egg masses / skeletonised leaves.
  • Dig trenches around the field.
  • Pick and destroy the grown up larvae.

III. Biological

  • Spray NPV at 500 LE / ha.
  • Spray BT at 1kg / ha.
  • Erect bird perches at 50 / ha.

IV. Plant Products

  • Spray neem based compounds.
  • For synthetic pesticides, follow need based application. Spray acephate (500g / ha), chlorpyriphos (1250ml / ha), quinolphos (1250ml / ha), endosulfan (1000ml / ha) etc.
  • Use hydraulic /pneumatic hand compression sprayers (400-500 l / ha) or mist blowers (135-165 l / ha).
  • Ensure thorough coverage (About 400-500 l / ha).
  • Avoid mixtures.
  • Avoid sub-lethal dosages.
  • Discourage synthetic pyrethroids.
  • Adopt community approach.

Harvesting

  • Urad bean should be harvested when most of the pods turn black.
  • Over maturity may result in shattering. Harvested crop should be dried properly on threshing floor for few days and then threshed.
  • Threshing can be done either manually or by trampling under the feet of bullocks.

Source : http://www.growmorepulses.com/article.aspx?cont_id=FmH1UCspjkU=

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